开源软件更安全

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源码开放的软件,具有更加安全的特性。主要原因如下:

一方面是源码开放,任何人都可以查看源码并发现其中的问题;

二是各种恶意代码在众人的眼皮底下也无处藏身(开源软件下载后注意比对数字签名,并尽可能选择官方下载渠道);

三是一旦有bug出现,社区会非常及时的提供patch,社区积极分子很多,软件就像他们的儿子一样被精心照料着。

四是使用更安全更放心更长久更自由,开源软件的生命周期会比商业软件更长,用户因为能够拥有代码,所以不会特别担心软件的后期更新维护问题,即便社区倒掉了,项目被人遗忘了,如果你的企业还在使用,一时还找不到替代品,你还可以自己动手,因为你拥有完整代码。商业软件客户存在被软件开发商绑架的可能性。商业软件说:不公开更安全。我们只能去相信商业软件公司的人品了!你信吗?

五,开源软件的质量,普遍要比商业软件高。开源软件有数不清的开发者和用户改进安全,创新功能来不断的加强开源软件的可用性,一般来说,开源软件更加接近用户实际所需要的,因为他们自己亲自在改进他。不需要一个销售商去告诉用户他们都需要什么,用户和开发者自己实现他们想要的,而且成就斐然。至少在最近的一次研究中显示,事实上技术上的优越性才是企业客户选择开源的最主要的动因。高质量也代表了更高的安全性。

再也想不出比最近Coverity发现安卓核心漏洞这样更好的例子了,Coverity发现了安卓核心的漏洞充分说明了开源软件的安全性是超级可靠的。这个发现为何如此令人振奋呢,正如我们近日注意到的,漏洞之所以能够被发现是因为安卓的核心代码都在公众的视野之中。

虽然说安卓不是一个100%的开源程序,但是这个例子还是能够充分的反映著名的Linux之父Linus Torvalds的“Linus法则”:“曝光足够,所有的Bug都是显而易见的。(Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.)”他的意思是说,只要有足够多的人使用和测试代码,任何缺陷都会被找出来,并被很快解决掉。这和昂贵的商业软件一直所宣称的“不公开更安全”的论调明显是背道而驰的。

iPhone和Windows没有听到这样的瑕疵报道难道就意味更加安全了吗?你可能会说,距离安全相去甚远,甚至是截然相反。这意味着这些产品没有对公众开放,公司以外的任何人对许多bugs毫不知情。比如iPhone对蓝牙程序匹配能力超低,经历了几代之后,依然如此。

在像Linux这样的开源世界中,一般来说bug一旦发现,立刻就会被解决;而在商用软件的世界里面恐怕就不是这样。比如微软,在发现zero-day这个缺憾的时候,用了几个月才有布丁发布弥补漏洞。真的要祝福那些使用这些软件的人好运了。

至少正版软件这个概念,正在逐渐被开源软件替代,现在提正版的人也越来越少了。正版是闭源的商业软件,开源是自由的软件,没有正版这个概念。

开源与垄断

看到一个观点,有点意思,说开源的本质就是形成局部垄断。

这个世界,最优秀的软件都是开源的,而这些开源项目的使用群体也是最大的。大家都免费使用,开源就事实上形成了垄断。这种大家共同免费使用同一个东西的局面,不构成任何垄断竞争。

在竞争层面,封闭的软件之间相互竞争,如果突然出现一个开源的同类项目,有成本偏好的客户就会首先尝试,然后逐渐吸引更多的客户,开源的项目也会在社区的推动下,做的越来越好,而且有信誉,因为开放源代码,不会说假话。最后大客户都用开源了,闭源的商业软件最后通通死掉。。。软件公司不做开源,难有活路。

Linux已经几乎统一了服务器的世界,以及各种嵌入式OS领域,桌面Linux也在逐渐被人们接收。想象一下,以后所有的系统都运行在Linux上面,这个最重要的底层OS,免费开源,共建共享!

MySQL因为被Oracle收购,存在闭源的风险,于是又出现了开源的MariaDB。WordPress占据了互联网30%+的流量,白宫的网站也基于它。Git开源,Github上面托管着这个星球无数优秀的开源项目......

开源从一种精神图腾,成为了软件世界的主流,也改变了原有的软件商业模式。这种没有BOM成本的东西,就应该免费分发到全世界,比如开源软件!

软件工程师在开源的世界中,也更加有利于自己的职业发展。重要的基础的软件系统,基本上所有的公司都在使用,工程师积累的技能不会因为服务于不同的公司而折价。而且,开源项目的生命力更加的持久,工程师投入的学习成本能够产生更持久的回报,积累的经验也更加不容易变的毫无用处。

开源协议

op_stack

MIT开源协议介绍

MIT开源协议之名源自麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT),又称「X条款」(X License)或「X11条款」(X11 License)

MIT开源协议的内容与三条款BSD许可证(3-clause BSD license)内容颇为近似,但是赋予软件被授权人更大的权利与更少的限制。

被授权人有权利使用、复制、修改、合并、出版发行、散布、再授权及贩售软体及软体的副本。被授权人可根据程序的需要修改授权条款为适当的内容。在软件和软件的所有副本中都必须包含版权声明和许可声明。

此授权条款并非属copyleft的自由软体授权条款,而是允许在自由开放源码的软体或非自由软体(proprietary software)上使用。此亦为MIT与BSD(The BSD license, 3-clause BSD license)本质上不同处。

MIT条款可与其他授权条款并存。另外,MIT条款也是自由软体基金会(FSF)所认可的自由软体授权条款,与GPL相容。

MIT是和BSD一样宽松的许可协议,作者只想保留版权,而无任何其它限制。

也就是说,你必须在你的发行版里包含原许可协议的声明,无论你是以二进制发布的还是以源代码发布。

所以,如果你只是想安心写代码,而不想关心其它事情,选择MIT开源协议就可以了。

下面是MIT开源协议的英文原文:

Begin license text.

Copyright <YEAR> <COPYRIGHT HOLDER>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

End license text.

jQuery, .NET Core, 和 Rails 等著名的软件,都使用 MIT License。

开源协议Apache License 2.0介绍

Apache License 2.0协议来自于著名的Apache基金会,其最重要的开源软件就是Apache(HTTPD)网站服务器。

Apache License协议和BSD类似,同样鼓励代码共享和尊重原作者的著作权,同样允许代码修改,再发布(作为开源或商业软件)。需要满足的条件也和BSD类似:

需要给代码的用户一份Apache Licence

如果你修改了代码,需要在被修改的文件中说明

在延伸的代码中(修改和有源代码衍生的代码中)需要带有原来代码中的协议,商标,专利声明和其他原来作者规定需要包含的说明。

如果再发布的产品中包含一个Notice文件,则在Notice文件中需要带有Apache Licence。你可以在Notice中增加自己的许可,但不可以表现为对Apache Licence构成更改。

Apache Licence也是对商业应用友好的许可。使用者也可以在需要的时候修改代码来满足需要并作为开源或商业产品发布/销售。著名的Android系统,Apache基金会的众多开源项目,Swift项目等,都是用Apache Lincese 2.0协议。

使用Apache Licence 2.0协议的好处是:

--

Apache Lincese 2.0协议的英文原文

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有时间还是要仔细读一读英文原文,中文的内容都是抄来的。

本文链接:https://cs.pynote.net/se/202111211/

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